Quiz Bowl Survey

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Questions

  1. Approximately how many schools in your state have teams?
  2. Approximately what percentage does that represent of all high schools?
  3. Who runs your state tournament? What constituency (such as coaches, administrators, media, etc.) controls the organization?
  4. Does your state tournament have divisions based on school size or public/private?
  5. Are there any other quizbowl organizations in your state (such as a coaches association, moderators association, or hosts association)? If so, what are they?
  6. If there is televised quiz bowl in your state, give the location, station, time of day, name of show, and other basic information about the show(s).
  7. If you have a fixed or recommended question distribution in your state (percentage of questions assigned to literature, fine arts, etc), what is it?
  8. If there is a question vendor or two who writes most of the questions in your state, who is it?
  9. Approximately how many high school invitational tournaments in your state each year are hosted by high schools? Colleges? Other?
  10. Approximately what percentage of tournaments in your state have tossup questions that are pyramidal (several clues, getting easier as the question goes on)?
  11. If a national organization formed, who from your state might be willing to work for it?
  12. At invitationals in your state, approximately what percent of the teams on average come from out of state?
  13. Approximately how many teams in your state go to at least two competitions each year outside your state?
  14. If it exists, how is your Panasonic Team chosen?
  15. If it exists, how is your Panasonic Team funded?
  16. Do independent schools compete against public schools in your state?
  17. How does the number of teams/tournaments in your state compare to 10 years ago?
  18. What grade levels compete, if any, in elementary and/or middle school? If there are competitions, approximately how many teams are there and is there a state tournament?
  19. Does your state have any competitions on the JV, Frosh/Soph, or Sophomore levels?
  20. Does one organization run most quizbowl tournaments in your state, or is it more freelance?
  21. What websites exist related to quizbowl in your state? You can give keywords or URLs. Do not name sites that focus on a single team.
  22. How many schools from your state competed in the 2006 NAQT HSNCT?
  23. How many schools from your state competed in the 2006 PACE NSC?
  24. How many schools from your state competed in the 2006 QU NAC?
  25. Did your state compete in the 2006 PAC?

Alabama[top]

1. Approximately 100 middle school teams and 130 high school teams
2. A little under half
3. ASCA--The organization is composed of both middle and high school coaches as well as other interested parties such as retired teachers, college bowl team sponsors, etc. Membership is open to any interested person.
4. We have a division for small schools. This division excludes private and magnet schools. These small schools may also participate in our regular tournament if they wish.
5. There are many local leagues.
6. Some of the local leagues televise their matches in their local area.
7. Questions are supposed to emphasize History, Geography, Science, Mathematics (through Calculus), Literature, Fine Arts, Language Arts (including English, French, Spanish & German), Technology, Economics /Religion/Philosophy, and Current Events
8. For the ASCA Tournament, middle school questions are written by Questions Galore and high school questions are written by Jim Garrick, the former coach of Dorman High School in South Carolina. There is also an NAQT State.
9. There are probably around 10-12 high school invitationals each year and fewer tournaments for middle school students. Most of the high school tournaments are hosted by other high schools. The middle school tournaments are hosted by other middle school and high school teams. A few junior colleges host tournaments for high school students.
10. 10% and growing
11. Some members of ASCA board of directors might be interested.
12. Very few teams from out of state participate--maybe 5 percent.
13. Approximately 10
14. The winner of the ASCA State Tournament represents the state.
15. ASCA provides some funding, and the team has to provide the rest.
16. Yes
17. Perhaps a few more tournaments
18. Middle School State Competition is open to students in grades 5-8. Approximately 100 teams enter.
19. ASCA is opening up a new state tournament this year (2006-07) for JV teams.
20. Freelance
21. www.dbtech.net/asca
22. 2
23. 2
24. 0
25. Yes

Alaska[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Arizona[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Arkansas[top]

22. 4
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

California[top]

6. Quiz Kids (San Francisco), Peninsula TV Channel 26 and KRON
22. 9
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Colorado[top]

5. Knowledge Bowl, which is similar to Quizbowl but not the same thing
6. Matchwits – KTSC, a public station in Pueblo
22. 0
23. 0
24. 3
25. Yes

Connecticut[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Delaware[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 1
25. No

Florida[top]

1. Teams are split up by county/school district (which are the same thing) more than by high school. On average, there are 43 teams.
2. 65% (of districts)
3. Peggy Harrod, who is employed by Polk County School District and sanctioned by FHSAA
4. Three divisions based on size
5. No
6. School districts sometimes televise county-level competitions
7. 12 language arts, 12 mathematics, 12 science, 12 social studies, 3 world language (choice of Spanish or French), 9 arts & humanities, and 5 multi-subject questions.
8. The CAC questions are all written by educators. Peggy Harrod travels to school districts to work with educators to write the questions.
10. Unique format that generally does not include pyramidal tossups
14. An all-star team is chosen at the CAC. Each of the three division-winning coaches names one student; the other three students are chosen “at large” from all CAC participants based on complementary academic skills.
15. State Farm has sponsored Team Florida since 2002. Before that, each school district with a student named to Team Florida paid the expenses.
17. About the same
18. There are a few district-wide competitions
19. No
21. www.polk-fl.net/ac/
22. 3
23. 1
24. 0
25. Yes

Georgia[top]

1. 100
2. 30%
3. Georgia Academic Team Association, run by coaches
4. Five classes based on size, the same as sports
5. No
6. High Q: WSB Channel 2 Atlanta, Sunday 7AM
7. 25% each science, social studies, literature; and 25% combined fine arts and math
8. Varies, NAQT writes state varsity with modification
9. High schools: 12-15 Colleges: 4-5
10. 90%
11. JR Barry
12. 10%
13. 10-15
16. Yes
17. Similar
18. Middle schoolers have 4-5 tournaments including GATA sponsored state championship, 30-40 teams
19. Some Frosh/Soph
20. Freelance
21. www.gataquizbowl.org
22. 2
23. 1
24. 0
25. No

Hawaii[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Idaho[top]

1. 80-85 high schools
2. 60%
3. Idaho National Laboratory; Tournament Director Steve Zollinger. The tournament is much more focused on math and science than typical Quizbowl.
4. Three divisions based on size
5. No
6. State Championships on Idaho Public Television
7. 75% math and science, 25% other disciplines
8. No
9. There are a lot of regular season matches within conferences.
10. 0%
12. A few competitions with Washington schools
13. 0
16. Yes
17. Slight decrease
18. None
19. None
20. Freelance
21. http://www.inl.gov/scholastictournament/
22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes

Illinois[top]

1. 500 high schools
2. 70% (90% outside Chicago)
3. Illinois High School Administration; School Administrators (similar to VHSL)
4. Two divisions based on size
5. Illinois High School Scholastic Bowl Coaches Association
6. Scholastic Hi Q WSIU-TV in Carbondale, Illinois (PBS)
7. 20% each: Literature/Language Arts, Math, Science, Social Studies; 13% Fine Arts; 7% Miscellaneous
8. No
9. High schools? 35 Colleges? 5 Other? 2
10. 20%
11. David Reinstein, David Riley, Tom Egan, Matt Laird, Mike Laudermith
12. 1%
13. 0
14. A student and coach written application and a tryout using Panasonic format and questions are used. A committee of coaches picks the team.
15. Team members each pay in $300 plus airfare; Coaches Association handles the rest
16. Yes
17. About same number of teams, but more tournaments
18. 8th Grade; about 300 teams with a state tournament; fewer competitions during the year
19. About 6-8 Frosh/Soph Tournaments each year
20. Freelance
21. http://www.ihssbca.org/ & http://www.ihsa.org/activity/scb/index.htm
22. 3
23. 0
24. 3
25. Yes

Indiana[top]

1. 50
2. 10%
3. Indiana Quiz Bowl Board, run by coaches
4. No
5. No
6. Brain Game - Indianapolis, Indiana, Channel 13
7. No
8. Questions Unlimited and NAQT
9. About 4 high school, 2 college
10. Most invitationals use NAQT, state tournament uses QU
11. Phil Blessman and Ben Dillon
12. 5-10%
13. 3
16. Yes
17. Many more tournaments, few more teams
18. Tried a middle school tournament last year
19. Leagues have JV divisions, one Frosh/Soph Invitational
20. Freelance
21. www.inqblots.org
22. 0
23. 0
24. 4
25. No

Iowa[top]

22. 3
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Kansas[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Kentucky[top]

1. 510 elementary, 378 middle, 256 high school
2. 94%
3. Kentucky Association for Academic Competition, an independent 501 (c) (3). KAAC is governed by a 21-member board. 16 are elected by the coaches and 5 are appointed from various groups with an interest in education.
4. No
5. There are numerous regional academic associations and even more league associations.
6. High School Bowl - WAVE in Louisville, Kentucky
7. 20% each of math, science, social studies, language arts, humanities. There is a further breakdown between each subject area to make sure, e.g., that all the social studies isn't World Civilization.
8. No
9. 15-20
10. 80%
11. John Bennett, KAAC Exec. Dir.
12. 5%
13. 4-5
14. Selection Committee appointed by KAAC
15. KAAC will partly subsidize, students will be responsible for part
16. Yes
17. Substantial growth
18. Elementary - grades 4/5 - have 510 teams and District and Regional events.
Middle - grades 6-8 - 378 teams and district/regional/state
19. Yes
20. Invitational tourneys are run locally.
21. www.kaac.com
22. 5
23. 2
24. 0
25. Yes

Louisiana[top]

1. 110 high schools
2. 25%
3. Louisiana Association for Academic Competition
4. Four divisions based on size
5. No
6. State finals are taped and sometimes shown on local television
7. No
8. Patrick's Press, though questions are often produced in-house
9. High schools? 6-10 Colleges? 2-3
10. 25%
11. Michael Landry
12. Very few if any
13. Few
14. Four state champions play against each other for right to represent Louisiana
15. Most paid by team; some support from LAAC
16. Yes
17. Some decrease; this is a tough year after last year's hurricanes
18. Small number of local tournaments
19. A few local tournaments
20. Freelance
21. http://www.nsula.edu/watson_library/laac/laac.html
22. 3
23. 1
24. 1
25. Yes

Maine[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Maryland[top]

6. Quizmaster Challenge, Montgomery County, on MCPS Cable Channel 34
22. 4
23. 4
24. 1
25. Yes

Massachusetts[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 2
25. No

Michigan[top]

6. High School Bowl - WNMU in Marquette, Michigan;
Quizbusters - wkar-tv
22. 9
23. 1
24. 2
25. No

Minnesota[top]

1. About 40
2. Fewer than 10%.
3. NAQT Tournament directed Robert Hentzel and Minnesota High School Quiz Bowl by George Leiter.
4. Just NAQT small school policy
5. Knowledge Bowl, which is similar to Quizbowl but not the same thing
6. Face Off Minnesota - Minnesota on Twin Cities Public Television (questions by NAQT). Sixteen teams seeded in a single elimination tournament.
7. No
8. NAQT, Patrick's Press.
9. High schools: 4-6; Colleges: 3-4
10. NAQT Tournaments are pyramidal, others are not
12. Anywhere from 0-20%
13. Very few; less than 5
16. Yes
17. Increased recently
18. A little bit at the middle school level
19. No
20. Freelance
21.http://www.naqt.com/mqba
22. 5
23. 0
24. 3
25. Yes

Mississippi[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 3
25. No

Missouri[top]

1. About 400
2. About 70%.
3. MSHSAA, which is headed by school administrators
5. Missouri Academic Coaches Association
7. 20% each of Science, Math, Social Studies, Literature/Language Arts, Miscellaneous
8. Bryce Avery writes state questions, variety of vendors used for other tournaments
22. 1
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes

Montana[top]

1. 60 high schools
2. 30%
3. No organized state tournament
4. No divisions based on size
6. One television station in Missoula hosts the Montana Academic Challenge for schools sponsored by their rural electric cooperative
8. Academic Hallmarks and Questions Unlimited
9. 5 hosted by high schools and Science Bowl
10. 20% (Yellowstone Academic Tournament hosted by Skyview Highs School in Billings)
11. Rich McFate
12. Very few from Wyoming
13. Very rare
14. Whichever team applies to PAC
15. Team does its own fundraising
16. Yes
17. About doubled
18. No, but some teams compete in KMO
19. 1
20. Freelance
22. 0
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Nebraska[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Nevada[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

New Hampshire[top]

1. As many as 64, 32 of which are in the Granite State Challenge
2. A little over half
3. Granite State Challenge controlled by the media; NH Quiz Bowl League controlled by the coaches
4. GSC separates large schools from small schools at first but eventually determines one champion, NHQBL does not separate teams
5. No
6. Granite State Challenge - New Hampshire public television, Channel 11 in Durham, Thursdays at 8:00 PM and rebroadcast on weekends
7. No
8. Academic Hallmarks
9. About 5 league tournaments per year, and two or three other tournaments
10. Usually not pyramidal
11. Bill Murphy
12. Invitationals get about half their teams from Vermont
13. Very few
14. Five regional winners each get a student and state champ gets an additional student
15. Grant from local family foundation and optional dues from teams
16. Yes
17. Slow growth
18. None
19. Very rarely
20. Most matches are part of GSC, NHQBL, or Hanover Invitational
21. http://www.nhptv.org/product/gsc/gsc.htm
22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes

New Jersey[top]

6. New Jersey Challenge – winner plays winner of Long Island Challenge
22. 4
23. 0
24. 5
25. Yes

New Mexico[top]

5. Knowledge Bowl, which is similar to Quizbowl but not the same thing
22. 1
23. 1
24. 0
25. Yes

New York[top]

6. Long Island Challenge - winner plays winner of New Jersey Challenge;
Masterminds - Time Warner Channel 3 (TW3) in Albany, hosted by David Guistina.
22. 2
23. 0
24. 26
25. Yes

North Carolina[top]

6. Brain Game - Raleigh, North Carolina, WRAL-TV, 9th and 10th grades
22. 1
23. 2
24. 3
25. No

North Dakota[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Ohio[top]

1. Estimated 300-350
2. Approximately 40-50%
3. There are two state tournaments. The Ohio Academic Competition is run by Shawnee State University, Cathy Mullins, director. The NAQT Ohio State Championship was run last year by Bob Kilner of Garfield Heights High School, Garfield Heights, Ohio. The OAC is operated by a steering committee that consists of 11 members. http://www.shawnee.edu/off/uos/ep/oac/mem.htm
The NAQT State Championship is bid on following NAQT procedures. Last year's tournament was the second edition. Greg Bossick hosted the first at Youngstown State University.
4. The OAC is a single division competition. The NAQT tournament has had two divisions based on enrollment in the past.
5. No
6. There are many televised competitions.
Cleveland, WEWS Channel 5, Saturday evenings, It's Academic, matches consist of 3 teams and the questions are, in my opinion, rather basic. Many, many buzzer races and not very strict timing rules. $10K to champion, $5k to 2nd/3rd place teams.
Youngstown, WYTV Channel 33, Saturday evenings, Academic Challenge, 36 team high school tournament in the fall/winter/spring and 16 team middle school tournament in the summer. Questions tend to be harder than the Cleveland show. Four quarters format with a special topic that is asked about in each section of the show. $5k to champion.
Dayton, WHIO Channel 7, Sunday mornings, High Q, 36 team high school tournament year-long. Have not seen the show since I moved from the area but questions tend to be one-line tossups. Also four quarters. Does enforce non-conferral on tossups. $4k to champion, $2k to runner-up.
Columbus, WOSU Channel 34, unknown time, In The Know, approx. 24-28 team tournament, not sure about much else. Awards to top 4 teams.
There may be others as well.
7. In OAC format, the distribution is dictated by the format itself. The first ten categories are American Lit, Math, World History, Fine Arts, Life Science, Brit/World Lit, Physical Science, American Gov't, World Geography, and American History. However, the final two sections (the alphabet worksheet and the lightning round) have no set distribution. Also, within each of the ten categories there is no sub-distribution requirement.
8. By far, the largest provider of questions in the OAC format is Sue Korosa, coach of the six-time OAC Champions Copley-Fairlawn HS. Aside from her, each competition pretty much fends for itself in terms of getting questions.
9. The vast majority of the tournament play in Ohio is hosted by high schools. The only colleges that I know of that regularly host tournaments are Bowling Green State Univ. and Case Western Reserve Univ. Typically, the invitational season runs from October to April. State tournaments are in April/May.
10. Almost nil. The competitions that I run in Mahoning County have tried to implement them in as many ways as I can, and the college tournaments do them because that is what they are used to, but not many schools actually play on that type of question yet. The introduction of the NAQT State Championship has helped--32 teams played the 2006 edition--but it is still growing.
11. Greg Bossick, possibly others
12. Less than 10%.
13. Maybe 5.
14. The Panasonic team is the OAC Champion.
15. The OAC provides a very small amount to send the team (rumor has it that the total is $300). The rest is up to the school/team.
16. Yes.
17. I cannot speak for 10 years ago because I wasn't involved then, but it has increased slightly in the last 5 years.
18. There is very limited competition for middle school and even less for elementary.
19. There are no separate tournaments at the state level for JV. However, some counties do it.
20. Very freelance.
21. http://www.createphpbb.com/phpbb/index.php?mforum=oac
22. 6
23. 0
24. 4
25. Yes

Oklahoma[top]

22. 7
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes

Oregon[top]

6. High-Five Challenge - Oregon public television
22. 1
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Pennsylvania[top]

1. 100 high schools
2. 20%
3. University of Pittsburgh runs NAQT Tournament, Chester County Intermediate Unit runs Pansonic Qualifier at State Capitol headed by Becky Givler
4. No
5. No
6. Brain Busters - Channel 8 WGAL-TV in Lancaster, Pennsylvania;
Hometown High-Q - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania shown on KDKA-TV;
InQuizitive - Lancaster, Pennsylvania shown on WLYH-TV, hosted by Brad Rutter;
Scholastic Scrimmage - Central Pennsylvania on WPSU-TV, Lehigh Valley on WLVT-TV
7. No
8. No
9. Total of about 7, some run by high schools and others by colleges
10. Close to 50%; State is not
11. Julie Gittings, Becky Givler
12. 20%
14. Intermediate Unit State Tournament Champion
15. Team usually pays most of the money, sometimes a sponsor helps
16. Yes
17. Growing
18. No
19. No
20. Western Pennsylvania is mainly NAQT, Eastern Pennsylvania is mainly QU
21. No
22. 5
23. 1
24. 8
25. Yes

Rhode Island[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

South Carolina[top]

22. 2
23. 1
24. 3
25. No

South Dakota[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Tennessee[top]

6. Scholars' Bowl produced by East Tennessee Public Television
22. 4
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Texas[top]

6. High Q - KCOS in El Paso, Texas
22. 6
23. 0
24. 11
25. Yes

Utah[top]

22. 1
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Vermont[top]

1. 35
2. 52%
3. The Vermont NEA Scholars's Bowl is run by its coaches, with its major sponsorship provided by the Vermont NEA. Coaches are mainly teachers, and we are completely independent of the Vermont Principals Ass'n that runs many of the activities, including sports.
4. Two divisions based on past performance
5. Our tournament is the only organization in the state.
6. Playoffs are run on local access tv.
7. We do not have a fixed distribution.
8. We use Academic Hallmarks for our tossup questions; Patrick’s Press provides our rapid fire and tossup/bonus questions.
9. 3 (including two tournaments in Hanover attended by Vermont teams)
10. 0
11. David Rome or Kevin Commo
12. 0
13. About 5
14. The state champion from our tournament.
15. The league pays all fees.
16. Yes
17. We have about 5 more teams than 10 years ago.
18. There are currently no other tournaments, although my school ran a middle school tournament for 2 years about 5 years ago.
19. No
20. Just Vermont NEA
21. www.scholarsbowl.org
22. 1
23. 0
24. 0
25. No

Virginia[top]

1. Almost 300
2. 90%
3. VHSL, which has an Advisory Committee consisting of coaches and is overseen by school administrators. The Quiz Bowl Tournament is run by Shawn Pickrell.
4. Three classes based on enrollment
5. Significant regional organizations include AVA, MACC/SWAC, SCAEL, PACE, and James River ACE
6. It's Academic -- Washington DC suburbs and a Central Virginia edition around Charlottesville. The three winners square off in the It's Academic Super Bowl.
Pop Quiz -- Shenandoah Valley, down to Charlottesville, as far south as Lynchburg
Battle of the Brains -- a Richmond edition and a Tidewater edition for the Virginia Beach area. The winners square off in a grand final every year. Uses NAQT questions.
7. VHSL uses 7 math, 12 science, 12 English, 12 social studies, and 12 other. Other tournaments use other distributions.
8. A lot of conferences use Shawn Pickrell, who writes the state questions. A lot of tournaments use NAQT or house-written questions comparable to NAQT. Patrick's Press and Academic Hallmarks are rarely used.
9. 5-10 major tournaments by high schools, about five by colleges
10. Pyramidal questions are far more common than not.
11. Shawn Pickrell, Dr. Barnes, Marian Suter
12. Tournaments vary from 0-30%
13. At least two, and generally more
14. Shawn Pickrell picks a core school based on performance throughout the year which can invite students from other schools to join them
15. The team is responsible for covering the cost
16. VHSL is only for public schools, but schools do compete against each other at other tournaments
17. About the same as before, though tournament field sizes are slowly growing
18. No
19. No
20. Freelance
21. http://www.virginiascholasticbowl.org
22. 5
23. 3
24. 1
25. Yes

Washington[top]

1. 120
2. 35%
3. Run by Dale Croswell, the coach at Camas HS
4. No
5. Knowledge Bowl, which is similar to Quizbowl but not the same thing
6. The "High-Five Challenge" is produced in Portland, OR, and pits teams from Oregon and Washington against each other on a weekly broadcast. In 2006-07, those broadcasts are moving from independent commercial stations to Oregon Public Broadcasting out of Portland. KCTS in Seattle will also broadcast the program. See www.high-five.com
7. No
8. NAQT and Academic Hallmarks have at least some presence
9. Small number of high school tournaments, UW hosts Techno-Bowl
10. Most are not pyramidal
12. Few if any
13. 1
14. Usually whatever school volunteers
15. The team pays
16. Yes
17. Growing
20. Freelance
22. 1
23. 0
24. 1
25. Yes

Washington, D.C.[top]

6. It's Academic
22. 0
23. 1
24. 0
25. Yes

West Virginia[top]

1. 30
2. 20%
3. WVACA, which is the coaches association
5. No
6. Ernie Anderson, a DJ in the Huntington area and associate of Chip Beall, filmed a set of matches and is working to get them on TV somewhere, mostly cable access. Some of our teams in the Pittsburgh area play on KDKA's "High School High-Q." There have been other TV and radio broadcasts in the last few years, but those are it for the very recent past.
8. NAQT and Academic Hallmarks
11. Fred Morlan and Barbara Heckert
22. 0
23. 0
24. 3
25. Yes

Wisconsin[top]

1. 15
2. 5%
3. NAQT State run by University of Wisconsin
4. No
5. No
6. ???
7. No
8. NAQT
9. 5 High School
10. 80%
12. 5%
13. 2
14. Usually whatever school volunteers
15. The team pays
16. Yes
17. Little if anything existed 10 years ago
18. None
19. No
20. Freelance
21. None
22. 2
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes

Wyoming[top]

22. 0
23. 0
24. 0
25. Yes